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XML documents consist of the three following components:

            ✦ Prologue
            ✦ Elements
            ✦ Attributes

Prologue

Usually XML documents begin with a prologue like the following:

<? xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8”?>

The prologue, always enclosed within angle brackets (<>), declares the version of XML being used (the current version is 1.0) and the encoding standard. If the prologue is not present, the defaults (XML version 1.0 and an encoding standard of UTF-8) are assumed; however, for interoperability purposes you should always included the prologue. The prologue is the only element that has a slightly different syntax from the others: It begins with a question mark (?).

Elements

The rest of an XML document is made up of a sequence of elements.
Typically an XML element will have the following format:

<element_tag_name attribute1_name=”attribute_value”
attribute2_na...>element_content</element_tag_name>

Elements may contain either data or other nested elements; however, note that unlike in HTML documents, in XML documents all element tags must have a closing tag. Thus the HTML tags for a line break, <BR>, and for a horizontal line, <HR> would not be valid by themselves; they need to be closed with </BR> or </HR> respectively. However, if no content needs to be enclosed, the start and end tags may be compressed as <BR/> or <HR/>.

Attributes

Within the element tag declaration it is also possible to include attributes that may be used to further qualify the tag. Unlike in HTML, in XML the possible attributes and their values can be defined in an accompanying DTD or schema. (DTDs and schemas are covered later in this chapter.) Also, in XML documents tag and attribute definitions are case-sensitive. Thus <important> and <IMPORTANT> are viewed as different tags in XML because they are different cases. Let’s now take a look at how XML documents are processed.